| Optical receiver | Three BPW34 photodiodes increase the effective laser capture area while feeding one transimpedance stage. |
| Current-to-voltage stage | OPA380 TIA with 10 kΩ feedback and compensation capacitor converts photodiode current into a measurable voltage. |
| Digital edge output | LM393 comparator with adjustable threshold and hysteresis suppresses chatter before the signal reaches the ESP32. |
| Power path | BQ24074 manages USB-C input, 1S LiPo charging, PowerPath system output, and status pins for the MCU. |
| 3.3 V rail | TPS63001 buck-boost keeps the ESP32 and analog circuitry powered across the LiPo discharge range. |
| Clock synchronization | Master/client ESP-NOW timestamp exchange estimates clock offset before lap-time calculation; local beam-break events are converted into the master time domain with RTT compensation. |
| Wireless controller | ESP32-C3-MINI-1U provides USB programming, GPIO interrupt capture, and an external u.FL antenna path for 2.4 GHz communication. |